Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review

Javad Heydari

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review

Javad Heydari^*

Published in American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 17 August 2025 Accepted: 9 September 2025 Published: 17 October 2025

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Abstract

Global transportation sector is experiencing a profound transformation with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Over the past decade, advances in battery technology, powertrain efficiency, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration have significantly accelerated EV development and deployment. This comprehensive review summarizes recent technological innovations while also analyzing the critical challenges hindering large-scale EV adoption. Key obstacles include limited charging infrastructure, grid capacity constraints, standardization issues, high upfront costs, and concerns about charging convenience and range anxiety. Furthermore, disparities in urban and rural charging access raise concerns about equity and inclusiveness in the EV transition. Recent research and pilot programs demonstrate the potential of emerging solutions such as smart charging, wireless power transfer, micro grid integration, and coupling EV charging with renewable energy sources to alleviate grid stress and enhance sustainability. Additionally, innovative business models and policy interventions, including government incentives and standardization efforts, are essential to promote investment in fast-charging networks and interoperability. The integration of stationary energy storage systems, time-of-use pricing strategies, and advanced energy management systems offers promising pathways to achieve efficient load balancing and demand-side flexibility. Finally, future research should focus on harmonizing charging standards, enhancing user experience, and fostering cost-effective, large-scale deployment strategies to accelerate the global transition toward sustainable, electrified transportation systems.

Published in	American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11
Page(s)	97-101
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electric Vehicles (EVs), Charging Infrastructure, Battery Technologies, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Smart Charging, Renewable Integration, Sustainable Mobility

1. Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a key component in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global EV stock surpassed 16 million units in 2021, with an expected annual growth rate exceeding 30% over the next decade

[1]

. Despite technological progress, the widespread adoption of EVs is hindered by challenges in charging infrastructure deployment and integration with existing power grids. This review aims to analyze the state-of-the-art advancements in EV technologies and the associated charging infrastructure, identifying key challenges and proposing future pathways. The urgency to mitigate climate change, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and transition to cleaner energy sources has placed electric vehicles (EVs) at the forefront of global transportation innovation. Unlike conventional vehicles powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs), EVs utilize electricity stored in high-capacity batteries to power electric motors, resulting in significantly lower tailpipe emissions. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global EV stock surpassed 16 million units in 2021 and is projected to continue growing at an annual rate exceeding 30% throughout the next decade. This growth trajectory underscores the role of EVs as an essential component of sustainable urban mobility and energy transition strategies Despite their promise, EVs face multiple barriers to mass adoption. These include technological challenges related to battery performance, concerns over charging infrastructure availability, high upfront costs, and consumer perceptions of limited range and long charging times. Furthermore, the integration of millions of EVs into existing electricity grids introduces additional technical complexities regarding grid stability, demand management, and renewable energy integration. To address these issues, researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders are actively pursuing innovations in EV technology and charging infrastructure.

2. Advances in Electric Vehicle Technology

2.1. Battery Technologies

Batteries remain the heart of EV performance, determining vehicle range, safety, cost, and consumer acceptance. The dominant technology in today’s EVs is the lithium-ion battery (Li-ion), which provides high energy density, long lifespan, and relatively low self-discharge rates. However, limitations such as resource scarcity, environmental impact of mining, and degradation over time have motivated research into next-generation batteries.

Battery systems are the heart of EVs, determining their range, cost, and safety. Lithium-ion batteries currently dominate due to their high energy density and lifespan. Recent developments include:

1) Solid-state batteries:

These batteries replace liquid electrolytes with solid ones, offering improved safety, higher energy density, and faster charging times

[2]

2) Lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries:

Promising ultra-high energy densities, these technologies are still under research but could revolutionize EV range

[3]

3) Battery management systems (BMS):

Enhanced BMS improve battery lifespan and safety by optimizing charging and discharging cycles

[4]

2.2. Powertrain and Efficiency Improvements

Modern EV powertrains utilize permanent magnet synchronous motors and advanced inverters for higher efficiency and power density

[5]

. Regenerative braking systems also contribute to energy recovery, extending vehicle range.

2.3. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration

V2G technology enables EVs to feed stored energy back into the grid during

peak demand, enhancing grid stability and supporting renewable integration

[6]

. Pilot projects have demonstrated the feasibility of V2G in frequency regulation and demand response applications

[7]

3. Charging Infrastructure Technologies

3.1. Charging Levels and Standards

Level 1 Charging: Uses a standard household outlet (120V AC), providing 2-5 miles of range per hour. Mostly used for overnight home charging

[8]

Level 2 Charging: Operates at 240V AC, providing 10-60 miles of range per hour. Common in residential, workplace, and public settings

[8]

Level 3 or DC Fast Charging: Supplies direct current at high power (50 kW to 350 kW), enabling 80% charge in 20-40 minutes. Critical for long-distance travel

[9]

Standards like CHAdeMO, CCS (Combined Charging System), and Tesla’s proprietary connector influence interoperability and infrastructure deployment

[10]

3.2. Wireless Charging

Inductive charging allows EVs to charge without physical connectors, enhancing convenience especially in public parking and fleet applications

[11]

. However, efficiency and cost remain challenges.

3.3. Smart Charging and Demand Management

Integration of IoT and communication technologies facilitates smart charging strategies to optimize load on the grid, reduce charging costs, and incorporate renewable energy availability

[12]

. Time-of-use pricing incentivizes off-peak charging to balance demand.

4. Challenges in Charging Infrastructure Development

4.1 Grid Capacity and Stability

High EV penetration increases electricity demand, straining distribution networks. Without proper grid upgrades and smart management, localized outages and voltage fluctuations may occur

[13]

. Integration with renewable generation adds variability, requiring advanced forecasting and storage solutions

[14]

. The increasing penetration of EVs places additional strain on electricity distribution networks. Simultaneous charging during peak hours can result in voltage fluctuations, transformer overloads, and localized outages. The integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind introduces variability, further complicating grid stability. Advanced forecasting, energy storage, and demand response programs are needed to balance supply and demand in a high-EV future.

4.2. Standardization and Interoperability

The coexistence of multiple charging standards creates barriers for EV users and infrastructure providers, leading to compatibility issues and reduced convenience

[15]

. The coexistence of multiple charging standards and payment systems has created fragmentation in the EV charging market. This lack of interoperability reduces consumer convenience and increases costs for charging providers. Achieving global consensus on charging protocols is crucial for seamless user experiences and accelerated infrastructure deployment.

4.3. Deployment Costs and Business Models

High upfront costs for charging stations, especially DC fast chargers, limit deployment in many regions. Uncertain demand and return on investment pose challenges for private investors and utilities

[16]

. The high upfront cost of installing charging infrastructure, particularly DC fast chargers, poses financial challenges. Utilities, private investors, and governments must explore innovative business models such as public-private partnerships, subscription-based services, and dynamic pricing strategies to make infrastructure deployment economically viable.

4.4. Accessibility and Equity

Urban-rural disparities in charging availability affect equitable EV adoption. Multifamily dwellings and public spaces often lack sufficient charging infrastructure

[17]

. Urban-rural disparities in charging infrastructure availability remain a major equity concern. While urban centers often benefit from dense charging networks, rural and underserved communities face limited access. Multifamily dwellings and public spaces often lack adequate charging facilities, raising questions of fairness in EV adoption. Addressing these gaps will be critical to ensuring that the benefits of electrification are distributed equitably across all demographics.

4.5. User Experience: Charging Time and Range Anxiety

Long charging durations compared to refueling conventional vehicles contribute to consumer hesitation. Limited range and insufficient charging points amplify “range anxiety”

[18]

. Consumer adoption of EVs is strongly influenced by perceptions of charging convenience. Long charging times compared to gasoline refueling contribute to range anxiety—a persistent concern among potential buyers. Expanding fast-charging networks, improving battery technology, and enhancing real-time information systems for locating chargers are strategies to alleviate this barrier.

5. Emerging Solutions and Future Directions

5.1. Renewable Energy Integration

Coupling EV charging with solar and wind generation reduces carbon footprint and eases grid demand

[19]

5.2. Energy Storage and Microgrids

Stationary battery storage systems can buffer charging loads, while microgrid architectures improve resilience and local energy management

[20]

5.3. Policy and Incentive Mechanisms

Government subsidies, tax incentives, and mandates on infrastructure standards promote market growth and technology adoption

[21]

5.4. Autonomous and Robotic Charging

Robotic systems and automated charging offer potential convenience improvements, especially for fleet and shared mobility applications

[22]

6. Conclusion

Electric vehicles represent a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable mobility, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. However, challenges related to charging infrastructure, grid stability, and consumer perceptions remain formidable. Emerging solutions—ranging from smart charging and wireless technologies to renewable integration and supportive policies—hold the potential to overcome these barriers. Future research should emphasize the development of integrated energy systems, standardized protocols, and equitable infrastructure deployment strategies. By addressing these challenges through innovation, collaboration, and forward-looking policies, the global community can pave the way for widespread EV adoption and a cleaner, more resilient transportation future.

Table 1. Charging levels, voltage, and typical use cases.

Charging Level	Voltage	Charging Speed	Typical Use
Level 1	120V AC	2–5 miles of range per hour	Overnight home charging
Level 2	240V AC	10–60 miles of range per hour	Residential, workplace, and public charging
Level 3 (DC Fast)	Direct Current, 50–350 kW	80% charge in 20–40 minutes	Highways, long-distance travel

Table 2. Battery types, advantages, and commercialization status.

Battery Type	Advantages	Challenges	Commercialization Status
Solid-State	Higher energy density, improved safety, faster charging	High cost, manufacturing complexity	In development, early pilots
Lithium-Sulfur	Ultra-high energy density, lightweight	Poor cycle life, instability	Research stage
Lithium-Air	Extremely high theoretical energy density	Durability, oxygen crossover issues	Experimental stage

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. EV adoption trends over the past decade.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Comparison of charging levels and standards.

Illustration of charging speeds for different levels of EV charging. Readiness levels are illustrative estimates, reflecting current research and development status.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. Integration of EVs with renewable energy sources.

Abbreviations

EV	Electric Vehicle
ICE	Internal Combustion Engine
V2G	Vehicle-to-Grid
BMS	Battery Management System
GHG	Greenhouse Gas
CCS	Combined Charging System
CHAdeMO	CHArge de MOve (DC fast charging standard)
IoT	Internet of Things

Author Contributions

Javad Heydari is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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Heydari, J. (2025). Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 9(4), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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Heydari, J. Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2025, 9(4), 97-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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Heydari J. Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2025;9(4):97-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11,
  author = {Javad Heydari},
  title = {Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {97-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  abstract = {Global transportation sector is experiencing a profound transformation with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Over the past decade, advances in battery technology, powertrain efficiency, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration have significantly accelerated EV development and deployment. This comprehensive review summarizes recent technological innovations while also analyzing the critical challenges hindering large-scale EV adoption. Key obstacles include limited charging infrastructure, grid capacity constraints, standardization issues, high upfront costs, and concerns about charging convenience and range anxiety. Furthermore, disparities in urban and rural charging access raise concerns about equity and inclusiveness in the EV transition. Recent research and pilot programs demonstrate the potential of emerging solutions such as smart charging, wireless power transfer, micro grid integration, and coupling EV charging with renewable energy sources to alleviate grid stress and enhance sustainability. Additionally, innovative business models and policy interventions, including government incentives and standardization efforts, are essential to promote investment in fast-charging networks and interoperability. The integration of stationary energy storage systems, time-of-use pricing strategies, and advanced energy management systems offers promising pathways to achieve efficient load balancing and demand-side flexibility. Finally, future research should focus on harmonizing charging standards, enhancing user experience, and fostering cost-effective, large-scale deployment strategies to accelerate the global transition toward sustainable, electrified transportation systems.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review

AU  - Javad Heydari
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T2  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
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VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Javad Heydari

Department of Automotive Engineering, Mohajer Technical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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Heydari, J. (2025). Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 9(4), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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Heydari, J. Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2025, 9(4), 97-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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Heydari J. Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2025;9(4):97-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11,
  author = {Javad Heydari},
  title = {Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {97-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20250904.11},
  abstract = {Global transportation sector is experiencing a profound transformation with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Over the past decade, advances in battery technology, powertrain efficiency, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration have significantly accelerated EV development and deployment. This comprehensive review summarizes recent technological innovations while also analyzing the critical challenges hindering large-scale EV adoption. Key obstacles include limited charging infrastructure, grid capacity constraints, standardization issues, high upfront costs, and concerns about charging convenience and range anxiety. Furthermore, disparities in urban and rural charging access raise concerns about equity and inclusiveness in the EV transition. Recent research and pilot programs demonstrate the potential of emerging solutions such as smart charging, wireless power transfer, micro grid integration, and coupling EV charging with renewable energy sources to alleviate grid stress and enhance sustainability. Additionally, innovative business models and policy interventions, including government incentives and standardization efforts, are essential to promote investment in fast-charging networks and interoperability. The integration of stationary energy storage systems, time-of-use pricing strategies, and advanced energy management systems offers promising pathways to achieve efficient load balancing and demand-side flexibility. Finally, future research should focus on harmonizing charging standards, enhancing user experience, and fostering cost-effective, large-scale deployment strategies to accelerate the global transition toward sustainable, electrified transportation systems.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Recent Advances and Challenges in Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review

AU  - Javad Heydari
Y1  - 2025/10/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11
T2  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
SP  - 97
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9652
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250904.11
AB  - Global transportation sector is experiencing a profound transformation with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Over the past decade, advances in battery technology, powertrain efficiency, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration have significantly accelerated EV development and deployment. This comprehensive review summarizes recent technological innovations while also analyzing the critical challenges hindering large-scale EV adoption. Key obstacles include limited charging infrastructure, grid capacity constraints, standardization issues, high upfront costs, and concerns about charging convenience and range anxiety. Furthermore, disparities in urban and rural charging access raise concerns about equity and inclusiveness in the EV transition. Recent research and pilot programs demonstrate the potential of emerging solutions such as smart charging, wireless power transfer, micro grid integration, and coupling EV charging with renewable energy sources to alleviate grid stress and enhance sustainability. Additionally, innovative business models and policy interventions, including government incentives and standardization efforts, are essential to promote investment in fast-charging networks and interoperability. The integration of stationary energy storage systems, time-of-use pricing strategies, and advanced energy management systems offers promising pathways to achieve efficient load balancing and demand-side flexibility. Finally, future research should focus on harmonizing charging standards, enhancing user experience, and fostering cost-effective, large-scale deployment strategies to accelerate the global transition toward sustainable, electrified transportation systems.

VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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